The Cambodia–Thailand maritime dispute centres on an Overlapping Claims Area (OCA) in the Gulf of Thailand.

In 2001, the two countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU-44) to provide a framework for resolving the boundary and jointly developing the energy resources. However, in May 2026, Thailand's government unilaterally terminated MOU-44.

On June 2, 2026, Prime Minister Hun Manet formally notified both Thailand and the UN Secretary-General that Cambodia was invoking compulsory conciliation under UNCLOS Annex V, Section 2.

This mechanism creates a conciliation commission to hear both sides, examine the facts and legal arguments, and issue recommendations.

The Bangsomoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) is a special autonomous region in the southern Philippines created to give Muslim-majority areas stronger self-government. Sulu is an island province with a Muslim-majority population.

In the 2019 plebiscite on the law creating BARMM, 54% of Sulu's population voted against the law. In 2024, the Supreme Court ruled that Sulu’s “No” vote had to be respected, so the province was removed from BARMM and placed under Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula), with a dominantly Christian-majority population.

Zamboanga Peninsula is one of the nearest regular administrative regions to Sulu, with Zamboanga City serving as a major transport, trade, port, and service hub for the Sulu Archipelago.

The Gaokao, China’s national university entrance examination, is currently administered with substantial regional variation. Students generally take the examination in their home province, and universities allocate admission quotas for each different region. Different regions differ in subjects, difficulty, scoring systems, and examination formats. Students are primarily evaluated relative to others within their own provincial system.

Accreditation is the review system that determines whether colleges and programs meet acceptable standards. Receiving accredited status is usually necessary for access to government funding or student loans.

In the grade-specialization model, teachers repeatedly teach the same grade level each year (e.g., always teaching 10th grade students), but teach different cohorts over time.

In the cohort-continuity model, teachers move up through school with the same group of students over multiple years (e.g., teaching the same class from 10th to 12th grade).

The US shale boom refers to the massive surge in oil and natural gas production in the United States, driven by advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing since 2010.

Liberalism in international relations (IR) is a theoretical perspective emphasizing that states can achieve cooperation, mutual benefits, and peace through international institutions, and economic interdependence. 

World Liberty Financial (WLF) is a decentralized finance, or DeFi, project that provides crypto-based financial services such as lending, borrowing, and stablecoin-related products. WLFI is WLF’s own governance token, which is tied to participation in the ecosystem and allows holders to vote on certain decisions within the platform. At the same time, WLFI is also a financial asset that has increasingly been used as collateral in WLF-linked lending, borrowing, and liquidity arrangements within its DeFi ecosystem.

U.S. crypto regulation is currently split between the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) and Commodities Future Trading Commission (CFTC), with many digital assets classified case by case through enforcement, guidance, and litigation. A commodities-market model, enforced by the CFTC, focuses on exchange oversight, custody, market integrity, and anti-manipulation rules (e.g., in gold or oil markets). On the other hand, an investor-protection model, enforced by the SEC, focuses on issuer disclosures, registration, and safeguards for buyers investing in projects that promise returns (e.g., in stock markets).

The tokenization of financial markets refers to the use of digital tokens—recorded on blockchain networks—to represent ownership of financial assets such as equity, bonds, or real estate. Financial institutions such as JPMorgan Chase have developed token-based payment and settlement systems.

In a Presidential system, the President is directly elected by the people, and acts as both Head of State and Head of Government. The executive branch is completely separate from the legislature.

In a Parliamentary system, the Prime Minister, who is the Head of Government, is not directly elected by the public but is the leader of the majority party or coalition in Parliament.

Kishore Mahbubani and Bilahari Kausikan are two prominent Singaporean foreign policy thinkers.

Kishore argues small states must always be conscious of their limitations, exercising caution and restraint in public positions so as not to unnecessarily antagonise great powers.

Bilahari advocates for small states to stand firm on sovereignity and international law, fiercely safeguarding national interests regardless of how great powers may feel.

Closed-community reality TV shows follow outsiders or insiders entering closed religious communities (e.g., the Amish community) to show how strict beliefs, rules, and lifestyles shape everyday life.

Evangelism is the process through which churches recruits followers. Churches typically adopt one of two approaches when first approaching potential members.

The Relational Approach seeks to attract and retain followers primarily through emphasizing the friendships, community, and social support that religious participation can provide.

The Proclamation Approach seeks to attract and retain followers primarily through establishing affinity between the individual and the divine. Common ways include proclamation of the gospel (e.g., sharing that Jesus atoned for humanity's sins through His sacrifice), Catechism, etc.

The government finances clean energy in two main ways. The Loan Programs Office (LPO) directly lends government money to clean energy projects. The tax credit model, most prominently used in the IRA, instead reduces the tax liability of companies that deploy qualifying clean energy assets like solar farms or electric vehicles.

The ASEAN Power Grid (APG) is a regional initiative aimed at interconnecting the national power systems of Southeast Asian countries. 

In many languages, masculine forms are often used when gender is not specified. Two main approaches aim to make language more inclusive. Feminisation makes women more visible by naming women and men equally. For example, instead of saying “the applicant… he,” one might say “the applicant… he or she.” Other examples include using split forms such as “Vegetarier/innen” in German to encompass both “Vegetarier” (the male form) and "Vegetarierinnen" (the female form).

Neutralisation reduces the focus on gender by using gender-neutral words and pronouns. For example, Swedish uses “hen” as a neutral alternative to “hon” and “han,” while Norwegian has moved away from some feminine suffixes.

A "manadult" refers to a male partner who actively practices anti-patriarchal maturity. The 'manadult' framework focuses on 5 charateristics: independent deconstruction of patriarchy rather than relying on women to educate him, seeking and accepting feminist feedback, consuming women's media, proactively taking on care labour (e.g., household chores, emotional support), and emotionally diverse friendships.

In China, publicly traded companies may face mandatory delisting for reasons including major financial fraud, sustained losses, insolvency, or low trading volume. Firms identified to have serious financial or compliance risks are often flagged as risky for several years before possible delisting. China’s largest equity market historically delisted less than 0.3% of its companies per year. For the purposes of this debate, “lowering the threshold for mandatory delisting” means expanding the circumstances under which companies are required to leave public exchanges and allowing regulators to delist companies more readily.

Project Stargate is an American artificial intelligence infrastructure joint venture created by OpenAI, SoftBank, Oracle, and investment firm MGX, with technology partners including Microsoft, Nvidia, and Arm, announced at the White House on January 21, 2025, by President Trump. The venture plans to invest up to US$500 billion in AI data centers and related infrastructure in the United States by 2029, beginning with an initial US$100 billion phase.

Kiasuism is a cultural phenomenon derived from the Hokkien word "kiasu" (驚輸), which means "afraid to lose." It describes a pervasive social mindset characterised by an intense fear of missing out, losing, or being worse off than others.

Minmaxxing means optimizing something by maximizing its strengths and minimizing or ignoring its weaknesses. It’s often used to describe approaches to life, work, fitness, dating, or productivity.

For the past 15 years, West Bengal had been ruled by a populist leader named Mamata Bannerjee from the regional party TMC. Recently, she lost the State elections in a landslide to the BJP.

The Indian Premier League (IPL) is a professional men's cricket league. In this league, teams acquire players mainly through an annual auction. In an annual auction, players are listed with a base price, and teams bid for them, with the highest bidder securing the player's services. Franchises must operate within a salary cap and squad size limits.

A Mega Auction is a special form of the annual auction held every 3-4 years. It serves as a complete squad reset where teams can retain only a small core of 4-6 players. In contrast, the regular annual auction does not restrict teams from retaining as many players.

Coaching models prioritizing extrinsic motivation are models which reward or punish athletes based on their performance.

Coaching models which prioritize intrinsic motivation are models which focus on increasing inherent satisfaction when engaging in the sport, e.g. enjoying the sport, serving the team.

In hero-shooter games like Valorant and Marvel Rivals, team composition depends on a mixture of roles and characters. A support main usually helps the team through utility like flashes, recon, smokes, healing, site control, or defensive setups rather than being the primary player expected to kill.

A Duelist, by contrast, is an aggressive role built to take first contact, enter contested areas, create space, and win fights. Duelists are expected to seek early engagements and get high-value kills, which requires quick reflexes and reaction times.

Roster dating is the modern practice of casually dating or talking to multiple people simultaneously to keep options open, rather than focusing on one person.