Under a 'no fault stand-down' policy, any player charged with a serious criminal offence would be automatically suspended with full pay, pending the trial's outcome. The policy makes no judgement about the player's guilt, but operates as a precautionary blanket policy.

It contrasts to a discretionary system, where each time a player is charged with a crime, the club makes a decision on whether to stand them down based on the circumstances. 

Formula 2 is a 'spec series' (where drivers race identical cars) and is widely considered a training ground for Formula 1. Under current regulations, the F2 drivers' champion is not permitted to participate in another season of F2.

Seats in F1 are increasingly hard to come by, with prior experience and sponsorship backing being a large factor in hiring decisions. Consequently, the three most recent F2 champions had to choose between a reserve seat with an F1 team (a role that entails working in the team’s driving simulator to develop the car, occasional test driving, and replacing a driver if they are sick or injured) or racing in a different series.

For the purposes of this debate, a "prohibited art" museum is a museum specially curated to display works of art that were denounced or censored by the mainstream for political, social, or religious reasons. One example is the Museum of Prohibited Art that opened in Barcelona in October 2023, which houses exhibits such as "Piss Christ" (a blood-red photograph of the crucifixion immersed in the artist’s urine; Andres Serrano), "Silence" (an exhibit of 30 pairs of stiletto heels on the same number of Islamic prayer rugs; Zoulikha Bouabdellah) and "Shark" (a sculpture of a tied up, nearly-naked Saddam Hussein submerged in formaldehyde; David Cerny).

Formal Chinese banks, most of which are state owned, operate under heavy regulations. As a result, a 'shadow banking' sector worth approximately US$3 trillion has emerged. ‘Shadow banks’ include trusts, asset managers and microfinance firms. These shadow banks partake in simple banking activities without formal banking licences (e.g. providing loans distinct from the regulated loans given by formal Chinese banks). 

For the purposes of this debate, forcing shadow banks to obtain a formal banking licence would require them to obtain the same licence as the formal Chinese banks. 

Risk retention requirements require financial institutions which create and sell securities to investors to retain some portion of the credit risk associated with the securities they sell. Banks will continue to hold a portion of the assets they have sold to investors in order to expose themselves to that credit risk. 

In the US, corporate law varies substantially from state to state. Corporations can incorporate themselves in whatever state they choose and are then subject to the corporate law of that state. 

Under a national incorporation system, businesses would be incorporated at the federal level and be subject to one consistent set of federal corporate law.

Currently, the Philippines allows 'split-ticket' voting where the President and Vice President are elected separately, rather than together (such as in the United States and Indonesia). Since the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, only two elections have resulted in the President and Vice Presidents being elected from the same political party: in 2004, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo with running mate VP Noli De Castro, and in 2022, President Bongbong Marcos with running mate VP Sara Duterte. Traditionally, Vice Presidents in the Philippines are appointed as secretaries of departments (e.g. Department of Social Welfare and Development, Education, and Agriculture) under the executive.

For the purposes of this debate, military leaders would still be subject to the authority of elected civilian leaders.

The repeal of Section 377A was a landmark victory for the LGBTQ+ movement in Singapore, marking the culmination of a decade of advocacy. Section 377A had criminalised consensual same-sex relations between men. The success of its repeal, while celebrated, was not a complete triumph - the government also amended the constitution to prevent legal challenges to the definition of marriage as between a man and a woman.

For the purposes of the debate, 'open-audition program' refers to TV shows where individuals who aspire to be K-pop idols publicly compete to be selected as the final members of a new idol group (e.g. ILLIT, TWICE, IZ*ONE). The selection criteria mainly depend on viewers' votes.

Personalised pricing refers to firms pricing goods and services differently for each consumer based on the information the firm has about them. 

Divestiture powers allow regulators to force companies to sell particular holdings. 

The largest three chocolate traders are Barry Callebaut, Cargill, and Olam International. They control a majority of the cocoa market, and are vertically integrated (i.e. they are involved in the sourcing, processing and distribution of cocoa products). 

Legislative power in the EU is divided between the European Commission, the European Parliament and the European Council of Ministers. The Commission may propose bills, while both the Parliament and the Council of Ministers must pass them for them to become law.

Ukraine has been engaging in a series of military operations in Sudan and Syria, sending their special forces units to engage Russian military and mercenary forces in both countries.

Welfare policies related to childcare have a 'familising effect' when they make it easier for parents to look after their child by decreasing material and logistical constraints on childcare. Examples include tax benefits for families with children, parent allowances and paid parental leave.

On the contrary, policies have a 'de-familising effect' when they fully or partially replace the parent's role in childrearing by offering alternative sources of care services. Examples include publicly funded or subsidised daycare facilities and helping families hire a paid caretaker.

Heritage protections are regulations that preserve buildings of historical, cultural or architectural significance. These regulations prevent demolition and require any renovation to be done in particular ways that keep a protected building's special qualities intact.

Indonesia's green investment rulebook categorises types of projects based on their alignment with Indonesia's net-zero emissions goal by 2060. It is used to decide the level of government support (e.g. tax breaks, subsidies) that projects receive.

In February 2024, Indonesia revised the rulebook to categorise coal-fired power plants for nickel facilities as "green" (i.e. aligned with net-zero 2060) and captive coal power plants and mining of critical minerals as "amber" (i.e. could support the transition to net-zero if they meet specific criteria). Previously, these projects were not considered to contribute to the net-zero transition.

An offtake agreement is an agreement to purchase a vendor's goods before they actually produce them.

When a business in the UK is subject to a foreign takeover, the takeover must be approved by the government using the 'public interest test'. The current public interest test takes into account national security, diversity of media ownership, and the stability of the financial sector.

There has been a proposal to expand the public interest test to also take into account effects on sustainability, jobs and the broader health of the economy.

Māori can seek redress for the injustices of colonisation in one of two ways.

Since 1975, Māori have sought redress through the Waitangi Tribunal, a permanent Commission of Inquiry that is empowered to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi (an agreement that protects Māori's right to self-determination). The Tribunal can make non-binding recommendations which form the basis of negotiations and a potential settlement between tribes (iwi) and the New Zealand Government. Settlements typically include an apology, financial compensation and the return of some land.

Recently, some Māori have successfully achieved similar outcomes through novel legal claims, e.g. on the basis that the Government had a duty to protect Māori which they had not fulfilled. These claims have been successfully argued in overseas jurisdictions without similar tribunals.

In a class action lawsuit, one or more plaintiffs bring a lawsuit on behalf of a larger "class". Typically, plaintiffs sign a litigation funding agreement that sets out their legal representation's fees if successful. Plaintiffs may apply to the Court for a funding order, which requires all members of the class to contribute to these fees out of the proceeds of a judgment or settlement, regardless of whether they have signed the litigation funding agreement. For the avoidance of doubt, "funding order" refers to common fund orders, funding equalisation orders, group costs orders and all similar orders.

Microsoft has made a series of investments in OpenAI totalling around US$13billion. Instead of receiving equity in OpenAI, the investment was structured as a "strategic partnership" in which Microsoft receives the exclusive right to integrate some of OpenAI's developments into Microsoft products. 

Australia's 501 policy refers to section 501 of the Migration Act 1958, which deals with the cancellation of visas on character grounds. Under the policy, the Australian government has the authority to cancel the visas of and deport non-citizens who fail the character test, regardless of how long they have lived in Australia. The policy is typically applied to individuals who have been sentenced to at least one year imprisonment.

Microsoft has made a series of investments in OpenAI totalling around US$13billion. Instead of receiving equity in OpenAI, the investment was structured as a "strategic partnership" in which Microsoft receives the exclusive right to integrate some of OpenAI's developments into Microsoft products. 

US state medical boards are responsible for licencing doctors and investigating complaints made against them. Where a doctor is found to have committed malpractice, the board is empowered to discipline them, including through the suspension or revocation of their medical licences.

Malaysia’s recently announced National Semiconductor Strategy (NSS) aims to secure at least 500 billion ringgit (US$106 billion) in fresh semiconductor investments. To support the industry’s expansion, the government will develop a global research and development hub, train 60,000 local engineers and set aside 25 billion ringgit (US$5.3 billion) for related incentives.